Ribosomes =>
 Small , tiny and granular particles either free in cytoplasm or attached with Endoplasmic reticulum.
     These are actually granules in nature. 
       They also attached with endoplasmic reticulum.
 SIZE =>
       It's size is about 20nm .
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION =>
 Chemically it is composed of almost equal amount of RNA & protein that is why it is also called Ribonucleoprotein.


SUBUNITS =>
Ribosomes have two Subunits. 
1) 70s Ribosome =>
It is smaller subunit of Ribosome it is found in prokaryotes.

2) 80s Ribosome =>
It is larger subunit of Ribosome found in eukaryotes.




POLYSOMES =>
When many Ribosomes are attached on the same strand of mRNA for protein synthesis then this is called POLYSOMES.




Types =>
1 ) type of Ribosome having smaller subunit of 30s and larger subunit of 50s.

2 ) The type of Ribosome having smaller subunit of 40s and larger subunit of 60s.

FUNCTION =>
Ribosomes help in the modifications of plasma membrane protein and lipids by adding carbohydrates with the help of mRNA and rRNA and convert it to glycoprotein and glycolipids.
   
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《¤ MACROMOLECULES ¤》


DEFINITION =>

The large  biological molecules ( polymers ) that made of small biological molecules (monomers ) is known as macromolecules.




DERIVATION AND DISCOVERY:-

The term macromolecule is made of two words The  {macro and molecules}.
Macro => Means => Large.
So it's meant Large molecules.

 The term   macromolecule was coined by Nobel "Laureate Hermann Staudinger" in the "1920s,"
EXPLANATION =>


=>

These are the large molecules consistof small units called "monomers" .

MONOMERS => 

POLYMER =>

 So the compounds made from monomers Called "PolyEXAMPLES

EXAMPLE :-
 Protein is a polymer made of monomers Called amino acids.

Protein +protein +......... => Amino Acids.

Biology refers to macromolecules as the large molecules comprising living things. In chemistry, the term may refer to aggregates of two or more molecules held together by intermolecular forces rather than covalent bonds but which do not readily dissociate.



ACCORDING TO "IUPAC" SYSTEM =>

According to the standard "IUPAC" definition, the term macromolecule as used in polymer science refers only to a single molecule.
For example,
A single polymeric molecule is appropriately described as a "macromolecule" or "polymer molecule" rather than a "polymer," which suggests a substance composed of macromolecules.

A macromolecule is a very large molecule, such as "protein," commonly created by the polymerization of smaller subunits "monomers". They are typically composed of thousands of atoms or more.

MEDICAL CONSIDERATION WITH SIZE AND NUMBER OF MONOMERS => 

Macromolecules are composed of much larger numbers of atoms than ordinary molecules. For example, a molecule of polyethylene, a Plastic material, may consist of as many as 2,500 methylene groups, each composed of two hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom. The corresponding molecular weight of such a molecule is on the order of 35,000. insulin, a proteins hormone present in the pancreas and responsible for regulation of blood-sugar levels, has a molecular unit derived from 51 amino acids (by themselves molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur). The exact molecular weight of insulin from cattle has been determined to be 5,734.

MACROMOLECULES IN BIOCHEMISTRY =>

The most common macromolecules in biochemistry are biopolymers (nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) and large non-polymeric molecules (such as lipids and macrocycles).

SYNTHETIC MACROMOLECULES =>

 Synthetic macromolecules include common plastics and synthetic fibers as well as experimental materials such as carbon nanotubes.




PROPERTIES =>

Macromolecules often have unusual physical properties that do not occur for smaller molecules.

1 => DNA in a solution can be broken simply by sucking the solution through an ordinary straw because the physical forces on the molecule can overcome the strength of its covalent bonds.


2=> Another common macromolecular property that does not characterize smaller molecules is their relative insolubility in water and similar solvents, instead forming colloids. Many require salts or particular ions to dissolve in water. Similarly, many proteins will denature if the solute concentration of their solution is too high or too low.

3 => High concentrations of macromolecules in a solution can alter the rates and equilibrium constants of the reactions of other macromolecules, through an effect known as macromolecular crowding. This comes from macromolecules excluding other molecules from a large part of the volume of the solution, thereby increasing the effective concentrations of these solutions.

molecule" rather than a "polymer," which suggests a substance composed of macromolecules.

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